Evaluation of Seawater Intrusion and Impact on Infrastructure in the Coastal Area of North Surabaya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30737/ukarst.v9i1.6590Keywords:
GIS, Groundwater Quality, Infrastructure Corrosion, Revelle Index, Seawater IntrusionAbstract
Several wells of coastal residents at North Surabaya experienced changes in odor, taste, and color indicating seawater intrusion. This phenomenon can cause an increase in groundwater salinity, which impacts clean water quality, public health, and infrastructure resilience. Therefore, it is important to evaluate seawater intrusion in the area. This study aims to evaluate the level of seawater intrusion, determine the distribution pattern of intrusion, and identify high-risk zones for seawater intrusion and the level of infrastructure vulnerability to corrosion. The methods used include analysis of physical and chemical parameters of groundwater, intrusion assessment using the Revelle Index and Electrical Conductivity (EC), and mapping based on Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the distribution pattern of intrusion. The laboratory's well water sample testing showed an average EC score approaching 1500 μS/cm, and the R-value was far above 1. It meant that well water in North Surabaya has been facing seawater intrusion from medium to high levels. It also predicted the distance of seawater intrusion is about 2,5 km from the coastline and has the most significant risk of infrastructure degradation due to corrosion. Seawater intrusion in Surabaya is caused by geographical proximity to the sea, aquifers' hydrodynamic factors, and high groundwater exploitation. The results of this study contribute to providing a seawater intrusion risk map that can be a reference for the government and policymakers in developing mitigation strategies and groundwater management policies to reduce the impact of seawater intrusion.
References
[1] Kompas.com, “Intrusi Air Laut: Pengertian, Penyebab, dan Dampaknya,” Kompas.com, 2023. https://amp.kompas.com/skola/read/2023/11/29/210000469/intrusi-air-laut--pengertian-penyebab-dan-dampaknya-
[2] dyaharumcondronowo, “Korelasi Surabaya sebagai Kota Metropolitan ke-dua dengan Peningkatan Polusi Udara,” kompasiana, 2024. https://www.kompasiana.com/dyaharumcondronowo1287/6767be50c925c4380c23b9c2/korelasi-surabaya-sebagai-kota-metropolitab-ke-dua
[3] N. Triana, “Air Tanah Solusi Krisis Air Bersih Perkotaan,” kompas.id, 2022. https://www.kompas.id/baca/artikel-opini/2022/03/25/air-tanah-untuk-atasi-krisis-air-bersih-perkotaan
[4] K. I. Yosefa, “Fenomena Permukiman Padat Penduduk di Surabaya,” 2014. https://www.kompasiana.com/keziairene/54f91c2ea33311b6078b4655/fenomena-permukiman-padat-penduduk-di-surabaya
[5] A. Hilmi, A. M. Ulfa, A. Wijaya, and L. I. Hadimi, “Study of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifer using total dissolved solid, conductivity and salinity measurement in Labuhan Kertasari Village, West Sumbawa,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1816, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1816/1/012064.
[6] R. Hindersah, Z. Handyman, F. N. Indriani, P. Suryatmana, and N. Nurlaeny, “JOURNAL OF DEGRADED AND MINING LANDS MANAGEMENT Azotobacter population, soil nitrogen and groundnut growth in mercury-contaminated tailing inoculated with Azotobacter,” J. Degrad. Min. L. Manag., vol. 5, no. 53, pp. 2502–2458, 2018, doi: 10.15243/jdmlm.
[7] Nurmaladewi, L. O. A. Saktiansyah, Y. Jayadisastra, A. Sulfitrana, S. M. Kaimuddin, and A. Okto, “Assessing seawater intrusion and chloride zones in residents’ wells in selected coastal area of Indonesia: A GIS analysis,” Public Heal. Indones., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 74–81, 2023, doi: 10.36685/phi.v9i2.661.
[8] R. S. Yuliatmoko et al., “Case study: Estimating the occurrence of sea water intrusion using geoelectrical method in Pangandaran district,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 708, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/708/1/012002.
[9] B. Tansel and K. Zhang, “Effects of saltwater intrusion and sea level rise on aging and corrosion rates of iron pipes in water distribution and wastewater collection systems in coastal areas,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 315, no. March, p. 115153, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115153.
[10] A. L. Bosserelle and M. W. Hughes, “Practitioner perspectives on sea-level rise impacts on shallow groundwater: Implications for infrastructure asset management and climate adaptation,” Urban Clim., vol. 58, p. 102195, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102195.
[11] S. Asfar, L. O. Ngkoimani, and S. Alfat, “The distribution patterns mapping of seawater intrusion in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1242, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1242/1/012051.
[12] B. Sarkar, A. Islam, and A. Majumder, “Seawater intrusion into groundwater and its impact on irrigation and agriculture: Evidence from the coastal region of West Bengal, India,” Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., vol. 44, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101751.
[13] Y. El-Nahhal, M. Safi, and J. Safi, “Salinity profile in coastal non-agricultural land in Gaza,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 8783–8796, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-07514-8.
[14] M. A. Rakib et al., “Groundwater salinization and associated co-contamination risk increase severe drinking water vulnerabilities in the southwestern coast of Bangladesh,” Chemosphere, vol. 246, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125646.
[15] W. Liu et al., “Three-dimensional mapping of soil salinity in the southern coastal area of Laizhou Bay, China,” L. Degrad. Dev., vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 3772–3782, 2018, doi: 10.1002/ldr.3077.
[16] M. M. M. Hashim, M. H. Zawawi, K. Samuding, J. A. Dominic, M. H. Zulkurnain, and K. Mohamad, “Study of Groundwater Physical Characteristics: A Case Study at District of Pekan, Pahang,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012096.
[17] M. D. Webb and K. W. F. Howard, “Modeling the transient response of saline intrusion to rising sea-levels,” Ground Water, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 560–569, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00758.x.
[18] A. Sefelnasr and M. Sherif, “Impacts of Seawater Rise on Seawater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt,” Groundwater, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 264–276, 2014, doi: 10.1111/gwat.12058.
[19] E. Zancanaro, F. Morari, I. Piccoli, A. Carrera, C. Zoccarato, and P. Teatini, “A Novel Technique to Mitigate Saltwater Intrusion: Freshwater Recharge via Drainpipe in Permeable Paleochannels,” Hydrol. Process., vol. 38, no. 10, 2024, doi: 10.1002/hyp.15299.
[20] S. Korrai, K. K. Gangu, P. V. V Prasada Rao, and S. B. Jonnalagadda, “A study on assessment of vulnerability of seawater intrusion to groundwater in coastal areas of Visakhapatnam, India,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 5937–5955, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00855-2.
[21] M. D. Fidelibus et al., “A chloride threshold to identify the onset of seawater/saltwater intrusion and a novel categorization of groundwater in coastal aquifers,” J. Hydrol., vol. 653, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132775.
[22] P. Moorthy et al., “Evaluation of spatial and temporal dynamics of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of southeast India: insights from hydrochemical facies analysis,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 196, no. 2, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12306-w.
[23] W. Naily, “Ratio of Major Ions in Groundwater to Determine Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Areas,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2018. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012021.
[24] A. Agarwal and R. Dhakate, “Quality and health impact of groundwater in a coastal region: a case study from west coast of southern India,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 31, no. 44, pp. 56272–56294, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34930-2.
[25] H. F. Abd-Elhamid, I. Abd-Elaty, and M. M. Sherif, “Effects of aquifer bed slope and sea level on saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers,” Hydrology, vol. 7, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.3390/hydrology7010005.
[26] H. Xiao, Z. Zhang, Y. Tang, H. Li, and Q. Tang, “Numerical modeling for determination of the dominant factor inducing saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifer in the Mekong River Estuary within the Mekong Delta, Vietnam,” Sustain. Horizons, vol. 12, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.horiz.2024.100111.
[27] M. Thabrez and S. Parimalarenganayaki, “Assessment of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Parts of Mangaluru City, Karnataka, India,” Water. Air. Soil Pollut., vol. 234, no. 4, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11270-023-06246-3.
[28] M. Balasubramanian et al., “Isotopic signatures, hydrochemical and multivariate statistical analysis of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers of Chennai and Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 174, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113232.
[29] M. Fakhri, A. A. Moghaddam, A. A. Nadiri, R. Barzegar, and V. Cloutier, “Incorporating hydraulic gradient and pumping rate into GALDIT framework to assess groundwater vulnerability to salinity in coastal aquifers: a case study from Urmia Plain, Iran,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 31, no. 38, pp. 50576–50594, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34565-3.
[30] S. G. Mironyuk and O. A. Khlebnikova, “Signs and Geological Prerequisites of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers (the Example of the Black Sea),” Dokl. Earth Sci., vol. 507, pp. S163–S172, 2022, doi: 10.1134/S1028334X22601572.
[31] M. Toro, T. Ptak, G. Massmann, J. Sültenfuß, and M. Janssen, “Groundwater flow patterns in a coastal fen exposed to drainage, rewetting and interaction with the Baltic Sea,” J. Hydrol., vol. 615, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128726.
[32] Q. Xu, B. Liu, L. Dai, M. Yao, and X. Pang, “Factors Influencing Chloride Ion Diffusion in Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 17, no. 13, 2024, doi: 10.3390/ma17133296.
[33] A. Ibrahim and S. Macintyre, “Corrosion deterioration of suspension bridge cable wires-case study,” in Innovation and Technological Advances for Sustainability - Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation and Technological Advances for Sustainability, ITAS 2023, 2025, pp. 123–131. doi: 10.1201/9781003496724-12.
[34] B. Pailes, “Corrosion Mitigation and Prevention of Port Infrastructure,” in Ports 2022: Port Engineering - Papers from Sessions of the 16th Triennial International Conference, 2022, pp. 744–756. doi: 10.1061/9780784484395.073.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Soebagio, Utari Kathulistiani, Johan Pahing, Konstantinus Datom
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
(1) The copyright of published articles will be transferred to the journal as the publisher of the manuscript. Therefore, the author needs to confirm that the copyright has been managed by the publisher with the Publication Right Form which must be attached when submitting the article.
(2) Publisher of U Karst is Kadiri University.
(3) The copyright follows Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY SA): This license allows to Share copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, Adapt remix, transform, and build upon the material, for any purpose, even commercially.
Deprecated: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprecated in /home/ojs.unik-kediri.ac.id/public_html/plugins/generic/citations/CitationsPlugin.php on line 68
